Examining the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education within a semester: A two-wave study with Chinese secondary school students.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education (PE) through a longitudinal design with cross-lagged panel analyses. A sample of 556 Chinese secondary school students participated in the research and completed Perceived Locus of Causality Scale and Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents at the beginning of the semester and 3 months later. The results demonstrated that academic stress factors were positively related to less self-determined motivations except that worry about grades was positively related to more self-determined motivations within each time point. In addition, we found that academic stress negatively predicted more self-determined motivations but positively predicted less self-determined motivations, whereas worry about grades negatively predicted amotivation 3 months later. Meanwhile, the influence of amotivation on despondency was also found. These results suggest that academic stress can obstruct students' participation in PE through an impact on self-determined motivation. Our findings also indicate that self-determined students in PE will seek academic achievement as well, which in turn improves students' academic status.

Motivaciones hacia la actividad física de adolescentes, adultos mayores y exdeportistas de élite: Un análisis cualitativo / Motivations toward Physical Activity of Adolescents, Older Adults and Former Elite Athletes: A Qualitative Analysis / Motivações para a atividade física em adolescentes, idosos e ex-atletas de elite: Uma análise qualitativa

Resumen Objetivo. Explorar las similitudes y diferencias de los tipos de motivación hacia la práctica de actividad física (AF) de adolescentes, adultos mayores y exdeportistas de élite, desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, para la creación de programas de AF. Método. La recolección de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante grupos focales: tres con adolescentes, dos con adultos mayores y uno con exdeportistas. En total, participaron 17 adolescentes, 14 adultos mayores y cuatro exdeportistas. Se realizó un análisis temático. Resultados. Para cada grupo se encontró un conjunto de factores de motivación autónoma, controlada y amotivacionales hacia la práctica de AF. En común, en los tres grupos estudiados, se identificaron la diversión, la socialización y la salud como factores de motivación hacia la práctica de AF. Conclusión. Las orientaciones para la creación de programas de AF para adolescentes se centraron en la individualización de sus objetivos y la percepción en la libertad de elección relacionada con cada AF. En adultos mayores, el enfoque fue hacia nuevas experiencias, considerando de forma significativa el perfil del monitor. Para el grupo de exdeportistas se propone que el punto de partida sea la reconceptualización de la práctica de AF después de la carrera deportiva.

Abstract Objective. To explore the similarities and differences between the types of motivation towards the practice of physical activity (PA) in different populations (adolescents, older adults and former elite athletes) for the creation of PA programs that reflect the particularities of those populations. Method. The qualitative data collection was carried out through focus groups; three groups with adolescents, two with older adults and one with former elite athletes. In total, 17 adolescents, 14 older adults and four former elite athletes participated in this study. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results. The results are shown based on autonomous, controlled motivation and amotivation towards the practice of physical activity for each group. Fun, socialization and health have been identified as motivating factors towards the PA practice common in the three groups studied. Conclusion. Orientations are proposed for the creation of PA programs. For adolescents, the proposal would include the individualization of their objectives and the perception of the freedom of choice in relation to the PA. For the group of older adults, it is important to offer new experiences, taking into account the profile of the monitor. For the group of former elite athletes, the proposed starting point would be the reconceptualization of the PA practice after the athletic career.

Resumo Escopo. Explorar as similitudes e as diferencias dos tipos de motivação para a prática física (AF) de adolescentes, idosos, e ex-atletas de elite, desde a Teoria da Autodeterminação, para a criação de programas de AF. Metodologia. A recolecção de dados foi feita em grupos focais: três com adolescentes, dois com idosos e um com ex-atletas. Foi realizada uma análise temática. Resultados. Para cada grupo foi encontrado um conjunto de fatores de motivação autónoma, controlada e amotivacionais para a prática de AF. Em comum, nos três grupos estudados, foram identificadas a diversão, a socialização e a saúde como fatores de motivação para a prática de AF. Conclusão. As orientações para a criação de programas de AF para adolescentes estiveram centradas na individualização dos seus escopos e a percepção na liberdade de eleição relacionada com cada AF. Nos idosos, o enfoque foi para as novas experiências, considerando de forma significativa o perfil do monitor. Para o grupo de ex-atletas se propõe que o ponto de partida seja a reconceptualização da prática de AF depois da carreira esportiva.

Can Multi-Item Measures and Single-Item Measures be Trusted to Assess Self-Determination Theory Constructs in the Elderly? / ¿Son fiables las Medidas Multi-Ítem y las Mono-Ítem Para Evaluar los Constructos de la Teoría de la Auto-Determinación en Personas Mayores?

BACKGROUND: Measuring complex constructs, such as those from self-determination theory models, is challenging in the elderly due to the response process, particularly in collective data gathering. In order to examine this construct in physical activity settings we aimed at determining whether single-item measures were as good as pre-existing multi-item measures. For that reason, we developed seven single-item measures targeting perceived interpersonal styles, basic needs satisfaction, and well-being. METHOD: We gathered evidence of validity and reliability for multi-item measures and single-item measures based on a sample of 128 elderly adults. Another sample of 62 elderly adults provided test-retest reliability for the single-item measures. RESULTS: Favourable evidence of the expected internal structure, concurrent validity, and reliability was obtained for competence- and relatedness-supportive styles, and for satisfaction of the basic psychological need of relatedness, fairly good evidence was obtained for subjective vitality, whereas mixed evidence was obtained for autonomy-supportive style and the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy and competence. CONCLUSIONS: Single-item measures proved to be psychometrically sound substitutes for their multi-item counterparts, but the autonomy constructs need to be reconsidered. Furthermore the response process and consequences of testing should play a prominent role when devising questionnaires for the elderly

ANTECEDENTES: medir constructos complejos como los de la Teoría de la auto-determinación es un reto en personas mayores debido al proceso de respuesta. Para examinar estos constructos en actividad física nuestro objetivo fue comparar si las medidas mono-ítem eran igual de óptimas que las medidas multi-ítem pre-existentes. Por ello, desarrollamos siete medidas mono-ítem relacionadas con el estilo interpersonal, la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas y la vitalidad. MÉTODO: obtuvimos evidencias de validez y fiabilidad para las medidas multi-ítem y las medidas mono-ítem en una muestra de 128 personas mayores. Con otra muestra de 62 personas examinamos la fiabilidad test-retest para las medidas mono-ítem. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo evidencia favorable relativa a la estructura interna, validez concurrente y fiabilidad para apoyo a la competencia y a la relación, y para satisfacción de la relación y vitalidad, mientras que para apoyo a la autonomía, satisfacción de la autonomía y de la competencia fue no conclusiva. CONCLUSIONES: las medidas mono-ítem se han comportado como buenos sustitutos psicométricos para sus medidas multi-ítem homólogas, pero es necesario reconsiderar los constructos de autonomía, y además el proceso de respuesta y las consecuencias de la evaluación deben desempeñar un papel preeminente cuando se crean cuestionarios para personas mayores

Can Multi-Item Measures and Single-Item Measures be Trusted to Assess Self-Determination Theory Constructs in the Elderly?

BACKGROUND: Measuring complex constructs, such as those from self-determination theory models, is challenging in the elderly due to the response process, particularly in collective data gathering. In order to examine this construct in physical activity settings we aimed at determining whether single-item measures were as good as pre-existing multi-item measures. For that reason, we developed seven single-item measures targeting perceived interpersonal styles, basic needs satisfaction, and well-being. METHOD: We gathered evidence of validity and reliability for multi-item measures and single-item measures based on a sample of 128 elderly adults. Another sample of 62 elderly adults provided test-retest reliability for the single-item measures. RESULTS: Favourable evidence of the expected internal structure, concurrent validity, and reliability was obtained for competence- and relatedness-supportive styles, and for satisfaction of the basic psychological need of relatedness, fairly good evidence was obtained for subjective vitality, whereas mixed evidence was obtained for autonomy-supportive style and the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy and competence. CONCLUSIONS: Single-item measures proved to be psychometrically sound substitutes for their multi-item counterparts, but the autonomy constructs need to be reconsidered. Furthermore the response process and consequences of testing should play a prominent role when devising questionnaires for the elderly.

Initial psychometric testing of the coach-adapted version of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire: A Bayesian approach.

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (Mage = 36.4; SD = 10.8; males n = 698; females n = 54; 28 participants did not report sex) youth sport coaches representing five European countries (i.e., England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain). The results did not support a 34-item five-factor, hierarchical, a two-factor BSEM, or a bifactor BSEM model across the participating countries. However, the results supported a reduced 19-item first-order, two-factor BSEM model that largely showed approximate metric invariance, but not approximate scalar invariance across the five countries. The pool of items constituting empowering and disempowering motivational climates should be refined to further enhance the empirical operationalisation of the coach-adapted version of the EDMCQ. Advancing the quality of translation-back-translation procedures across cultures and conducting multi-national pilot testing seems warranted as well. These recommendations may help to identify the distinctive aspects of each underlying sub-dimension of the EDMCQ, where coaches are the respondents, and pave the way for further examination of the proposed hierarchical multidimensional factor structure and the cross-cultural equivalence of the EDMCQ for this population.

Measuring motivation in physical education among chinese and spanish adolescents: comparing the psychometric properties of perceived locus of causality scale / Medición de la motivación en educación física entre adolescentes chinos y españoles: Comparación de las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de locus de causalidad percibido / Medindo a motivação na educação física entre adolescentes chineses e espanhóis: comparando as propriedades psicométricas da escala do lócus de causalidade percebido

The present study aimed to measure motivation in physical education by the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC) within a cross-cultural context. A sample of 2,293 adolescents from China (n = 1,287) and Spain (n = 1,006) completed the scales. The results largely supported the reliability and the validity of PLOC in both cultures as well as its cross-cultural equivalence except three problematic items found in the Chinese sample. Moreover, Chinese adolescents scored higher in intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, and lower in introjected regulation, external regulation, and a motivation than Spanish adolescents. These findings supported the universality of motivation structure across different cultures. However, problematic items encountered in Chinese adolescents and differences in motivation suggest that cultural values may cause adolescents to interpret certain motives differently, which highlighted the importance of cultural adaptation when measuring adolescents' motivation

El presente estudio intentó a medir la motivación en educación física por la Escala de locus de causalidad percibido (PLOC) dentro un contexto transcultural. En total 2,293 adolescentes de China (n = 1,287) y de España (n = 1,006) completaron las escalas. Se apoyan la fiabilidad y la validez de PLOC y su equivalencia transcultural excepto tres ítems problemáticos encontrado en la muestra china. Además, los adolescentes chinos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en motivación intrínseca, regulación identificada, y puntuaciones más bajas en regulación introyectada, regulación externa y amotivación que los españoles. Los resultados indican transculturalmente una estructura universal de motivación. Sin embargo, los ítems problemáticos en la muestra china y las diferencias de motivación sugieren que los valores culturales afectan la interpretación de unos motivos de los adolescentes, que destaca la importancia de adaptación cultural a medir la motivación de los adolescentes

O presente estudo teve como objetivo mensurar motivação na educação física pelo Escala do locus de causalidade percibido (PLOC) dentro de um contexto transcultural. No total, 2.293 adolescentes da China (n = 1.287) e da Espanha (n = 1.006) completaram as escalas. Os resultados apoiaram amplamente a confiabilidade e validade do PLOC em ambas as culturas, ebm como sua equivalência transcultural, exceto por três itens problemáticos encontrados na amostra chinesa. Além disso, os adolescentes chineses pontuaram mai em motivação intrínseca, regulação identificada, e menor em regulação introjetada, regulação externa e amotivação do que os adolescentes espanhóis. Essas descobertas apoiaram a universalidade da estrutura de motivação. No entanto, os itens problemáticos encontrados em adolescentes chineses e as diferenças na motivação sugerem que os valores culturais podem levar os adolescentes a interpretar certos motivos de maneira diferente, o que destacou a importância da adaptação cultural ao medir motivação dos adolescentes

El lado positivo del arbitraje: Percepción de apoyo organizacional, motivación y compromiso / The Positive Side of Refereeing: Perception of Organisational Support, Motivation and Commitment / To Lado Positivo da Arbitragem: Percepção do Apoio Organizacional, Motivação e Compromisso

Partiendo de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, el objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar si la percepción de los árbitros sobre un entorno de apoyo organizacional favorece el compromiso y si el tipo de motivación (i.e., autónoma o controlada) tiene un papel mediador en esta relación. En el estudio participaron 385 árbitros de fútbol en etapas de formación federados en Cataluña (M edad = 20.03) que fueron encuestados acerca del grado de apoyo organizacional percibido, así como de sus motivos de vinculación con el arbitraje y del compromiso para seguir arbitrando. Se realizó un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales cuyos resultados apoyaron un modelo de mediación parcial dónde el apoyo organizacional percibido predecía positivamente el compromiso vía la motivación autónoma (Beta = 0.558, p < 0.001) y negativamente vía la motivación controlada (Beta = -0.137, p < 0.001). Se encontró un efecto directo del apoyo sobre el compromiso y un efecto indirecto del apoyo sobre el compromiso a través de la motivación autónoma. Los resultados aportaron evidencias acerca de la influencia de un entorno de apoyo por parte del comité técnico de árbitros para favorecer la motivación autodeterminada del colectivo y su compromiso con el arbitraje

Framed on Self Determination Theory, the aim of this paper is to evaluate if the referees’ perception of organizational support favours the commitment and if the type of motivation (i.e., autonomous or controlled) has a mediating role in this relationship. The study involved 385 Catalan licensed soccer referees in early stages (M age = 20.03) who were surveyed about the degree of perceived organizational support, as well as the reasons for participating in refereeing and their commitment. Structural equation modeling was performed, the results supported a partial mediation model where perceived organizational support positively predicted commitment via autonomous motivation (Beta = 0.558, p < 0.001) and negatively via controlled motivation (Beta = -0.137, p < 0.001). There was a direct effect of perceived organizational support on commitment and an indirect effect through autonomous motivation. The results provided evidence about the influence of a supportive environment on self-determined motivation and commitment

Com base na Teoria de Auto-Determinação, o objectivo deste estudo é avaliar se a percepção de árbitros em um ambiente de suporte organizacional promove compromisso e se o tipo de motivação (i.e., independente ou controlada) tem um papel mediador neste relacionamento. O estudo envolveu 385 árbitros de futebol em fases de treinamento Federated na Catalunha (M idade = 20.03), que foram questionados sobre o grau de apoio organizacional percebido, bem como as suas razões para a ligação com a arbitragem e compromisso de continuar a arbitragem. Uma análise de equações estruturais cujos resultados suportado um modelo de mediação parcial onde o suporte organizacional percebido previu positivamente acoplamento através de motivação autónoma (Beta = 0,558, p <0,001) e negativamente através da motivação controlada (Beta= -0,137, p foi realizada <0,001). apoiar um efeito direto sobre o compromisso e apoiar um efeito indireto sobre o compromisso através da motivação autônoma foi encontrado. Os resultados forneceram evidências sobre a influência de um ambiente de apoio pela comissão técnica de árbitros para favorecer motivação auto-determinada coletivo e compromisso com a arbitragem

Relationship between motivational climate, sportspersonship and disposition to cheating in young soccer players

heating in young soccer players. Participants were 197 soccer players aged between 13 and 19 from a club in Barcelona. Cuestionario deDisposición al Engaño en el Deporte (CDED), Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale (MSOS) and Empowering and DisempoweringMotivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) were administered. Results showed that the perception of an empowering climate is linked to prosocialbehaviors (i.e., sportspersonship). Contrary, a perception of a disempowering climate is linked to the acceptance of antisocial behaviors (i.e., cheatingand gamesmanship). Moreover, gamesmanship behaviors are more accepted than cheating. This enlightens the importance of the coach-createdmotivational climate as an aspect that can influence in the player

Effect of a Psychological training on football grassroot coaches upon young player's fairplay and disposition to cheat

No disponible

The Effect of Coaches' Controlling Style on the Competitive Anxiety of Young Athletes.

Framed on a Self-Determination Theory perspective, the purpose of this study was to explore the predictive capacity of coaches' interpersonal controlling style on the competitive anxiety of young athletes, considering the mediating effect of the athletes' controlled motivation on this relationship. The sample consisted of 1166 athletes, aged between 9 and 18, who ranked their perceptions of coaches' controlling style, as well as the reasons for participating in sport and their competitive anxiety before or during competition. The structural models assessing both the direct effect of the controlling style on the anxiety and the complete mediated effect of the controlled motivation on this relationship revealed good fit indices. However, a significant difference of the chi-square was obtained when comparing these models to the partial mediation model, providing evidence of this last model to be more adequate to describe the relationship between coaches' controlling style and athletes' competitive anxiety. Positive significant effects of coach controlling style on the three forms of competitive anxiety were found (ß CS-SA = 0.21, p < 0.001; ß CS-W = 0.14, p < 0.001; ß CS-CD = 0.30, p < 0.001) indicating that coach controlling style could be an antecedent for athletes' anxiety in a direct way. Although this style also predicts athletes' motivation to participate, this indirect path seems to predict competitive anxiety in a less clear way. We discuss our results facing them up to Vallerand's hierarchical model postulates, focusing on the relevant influence of coaches on the young athletes' experience in the sport context.

Intervenciones para la promoción de actividad física basadas en la teoría de la autodeterminación: Una revisión narrativa (2011-2016) / Lessons from self-determination interventions to promote physical activity: A Narrative review (2011-2016)

El objetivo del presente estudio es revisar intervenciones recientes orientadas a la promoción de la actividad física mediante un enfoque basado en la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (SDT). Así, presentamos ideas apoyadas por la evidencia que los investigadores pueden utilizar para desarrollar sus futuros programas. Nuestro estudio incluye artículos publicados entre 2011 y 2016 que cumplen los siguientes criterios de inclusión: (a) SDT como principal marco teórico, (b) participantes sanos con edades ≥ 12 años, y (c) foco en la promoción de la actividad física y/o variables relacionadas. Presentamos los resultados en tres categorías: (a) estructura, enfoque teórico y aspectos generales, (b) desarrollo, y (c) evaluación. En relación con la estructura, encontramos dos tipos de intervención: aquellas desarrolladas en un contexto existente, donde los profesionales responsables reciben una formación específica que puede influir indirectamente en los estudiantes/pacientes, e intervenciones desarrolladas desde cero, dónde los participantes reciben la formación o información directamente. Los resultados muestran que el enfoque más habitual para desarrollar la intervención es el apoyo y la satisfacción de la autonomía. En cuanto al desarrollo de la intervención, es crucial entender las necesidades de la población diana y aplicar intervenciones hechas a medida que incluyan la SDT no solo como conceptos a explicar sino también como una manera de guiar el desarrollo de la intervención. Por último, para la evaluación de la intervención destacamos: (a) utilizar métodos mixtos, (b) evaluar medidas objetivas y autopercepciones, y (c) medir la satisfacción de los participantes con la intervención (AU)

The purpose of the present study is to review recent interventions aimed at promoting physical activity using self-determination theory (SDT) framework. We present evidence-based proposals that researchers could find useful to develop their own interventions. Our narrative review includes journal articles published between 2011 that meet the following inclusion criteria: (a) using SDT as reference framework, (b) targeting healthy participants with age ≥ 12 years old, and (c) pursuing a main goal of promoting physical activity or related variables. Results are presented in three categories: (a) structure, theoretical approach and general aspects of the intervention, (b) development, and (c) assessment. Regarding the structure, two types of interventions emerged: those conducted within an existing setting, where professionals in charge receive specific training that is expected to indirectly affect their students/patients; and interventions developed from zero, where participants receive direct training or information. Results showed that the most common background to develop SDT interventions is autonomy support and autonomy satisfaction. Concerning the development of the intervention, it appears essential to understand the needs of the target population and to develop tailored interventions that consider SDT not only as concepts to explain but also as a way of thinking that guides the development of the interventions. Regarding the assessment of the intervention, researchers could consider (a) using mixed-methods approach, (b) including objective and self-reported measures and (c) measuring participants’ satisfaction with the intervention (AU)

Effects of an Individualized Program on Coaches’ Observed and Perceived Behavior / Effectos de un programa personalizado sobre loscomportamientos observados y percibidos de los entrenadores / Efeitos de um programa personalizado nos comportamentos observados e percebidos dos treinadores

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate an individualized intervention based on Coach Effectiveness Training (CET) principles, using a case study. Two basketball coaches selected 3 target behaviors to improve. Behavioral assessment revealed that Coach 1 achieved positive changes in all his 3 target behaviors. In turn, Coach 2 improved on 2 of his 3 target behaviors. Changes in coaches’ behaviors were mostly perceived by players in the evaluation stage. Specifically, players’ perceptions of Coach 1 showed an increase of General Encouragement and Mistake-Contingent Encouragement, and players of Coach 2 perceived a clear increase of General Encouragement, Reinforcement and Mistake-Contingent Technical Instruction. Results are discussed in line with CET principles and potential applications of our program are presented

El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar una intervención individualizada basada en los principios del Coach Effectiveness Training (CET) mediante un enfoque de estudio de caso. Dos entrenadores de baloncesto seleccionaron 3 conductas objetivo a mejorar. La evaluación conductual reveló que el Entrenador 1 consiguió cambios positivos en sus 3 conductas objetivo. Por su parte, el Entrenador 2 mejoró en 2 de sus 3 conductas objetivo. Estos cambios en la conducta de los entrenadores fueron mayoritariamente percibidos por sus jugadores en la fase de evaluación. Concretamente, las percepciones de los jugadores del Entrenador 1 mostraron un claro aumento de Ánimo General y Ánimo Contingente al Error, y las de los jugadores del Entrenador 2 una clara mejoría de Ánimo General, Refuerzo e Instrucción Técnica al Error. Los resultados se discuten en base a los principios del CET y se proponen potenciales aplicaciones de nuestro programa

O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar uma intervenção baseada nos princípios do Coach Effectiveness Training(CET) através de doisestudos de caso. Dois treinadores de basquetebol selecionaram 3 comportamentos - objetivo a melhorar. A avaliação comportamental revelou que o Trei-nador 1 conseguiu mudanças positivas nos 3 comportamentos - objetivo. O Treinador 2 melhorou em dois dos 3 comportamentos que definiu como ob-jetivo. Estas mudanças nos comportamentos dos treinadores foram, na sua maioria, percebidos pelos seus jogadores na fase de avaliação. Concretamente,as perceções dos jogadores do Treinador 1 indicam um aumento evidente de Animo Geral e Animo após o Erro, e as perceções dos jogadores do Treinador2 indicam uma clara melhoria de Animo Geral, Reforço e Instrução Técnica ao Erro. Os resultados são discutidos com base nos princípios do CET e sãoapresentadas propostas de potenciais aplicações do nosso programa de intervenção

El estilo de comunicación del entrenador y la percepción del clima motivacional generado por los entrenadores y compañeros / / O estilo de comunicação do treinador e a percepção do clima motivacional gerado por treinadores e colegas / Coaches’ communication style and the perception of the motivational climate created by coaches and teammates

El presente estudio se propuso evaluar las relaciones entre el estilo de comunicación del entrenador y el clima motivacional generado por él y por los compañeros de equipo. Se observó a tres entrenadores de fútbol con el Sistema de Evaluación de las Conductas del Entrenador (CBAS) en tres partidos cada uno. También participaron 39 jugadores de los mismos equipos que los entrenadores, en la franja de edad de 12 a 14 años, que contestaron los cuestionarios: a) cuestionario de percepción de los comportamientos del entrenador (CBAS-PBS); b) clima motivacional generado por el entrenador (PMCSQ-2); c) cuestionario del clima motivacional de los iguales en el deporte (PeerMCYSQ). A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se evidencia una correlación entre conductas positivas que perciben que emiten los entrenadores y la percepción de un clima de implicación a la tarea. Además, de una correlación entre el clima de implicación a la tarea generado por el entrenador y el generado por los compañeros. También se encontró una correlación positiva entre las percepciones de comportamientos punitivos del entrenador y la generación de un clima motivacional de implicación al ego. El clima de implicación al ego generado por el entrenador también se correlaciona con los dos factores del clima de implicación al ego de los compañeros, la competencia y el conflicto intra-equipo A(U)

Our study aims to research the relations between coaches’ communication styles and the player’s perception regarding the motivational climate generated by the coach and also by their teammates. Three soccer coaches were observed during three games using the Coaches Behaviour Assessment System (CBAS). Also, 39 players from the same teams as the coaches aged from 12 to 14 years participated answering questionnaires regarding a) perception of the coaches´ behaviour (CBAS-PBS); b) perception of the motivational climate generated by the coach (PMCSQ-2); c) perception of the motivational climate generated by the teammates (PeerMCYSQ). We found correlations between positive behaviors from the coaches and the perception of the task involving motivational climate created by them. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between the perception of coaches´ punitive behaviors and the generation of an ego involving motivational climate. This also correlates with the idea that teammates create an ego involving motivational climate when competition and conflicts within group prevail (AU)

Nosso estudo tem por objetivo pesquisar relações entre o estilo de comunicação de treinadores e a percepção de jogadores sobre o clima motivacional gerado pelo treinador e também por seus colegas de equipe. Para tanto, foram observados três treinadores de futebol com o Sistema de Avaliação das Condutas do Treinador (CBAS) em três jogos cada um. Também participaram do estudo 39 jogadores das mesmas equipes que os treinadores, com idades entre 12 e 14 anos, que responderam aos questionários de a) percepção do comportamento do treinador (CBAS-PBS); b) percepção do clima motivacional gerado pelo treinador (PMCSQ-2); c) percepção do clima motivacional gerado por colegas de equipe (PeerMCYSQ). Foram encontradas correlações entre as condutas positivas dos treinadores e a percepção de um clima motivacional orientado à tarefa criado por eles. Além de uma correlação entre clima de implicação à tarefa gerado pelo treinador e gerado por colegas. Também encontrou-se uma correlação positiva entre a percepção de que comportamentos punitivos dos treinadores e a geração de um clima motivacional orientado ao ego. O clima de implicação ao ego gerado pelo treinador ainda se correlaciona os dois fatores do clima de implicação ao ego dos colegas, competição e conflito intragrupos (AU)

Análisis bayesiano de la motivación, el clima motivacional y la ansiedad en jóvenes jugadores de equipo / A Bayesian Analysis of the motivation, motivational climate and anxiety in young competitive team players

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la autodeterminación, la disposición de orientación a metas, y el clima motivacional percibido por jóvenes deportistas, así como su impacto sobre los componentes somático y cognitivo de la ansiedad competitiva, y sobre la aceptación del uso del engaño y la astucia en el deporte. Se administraron los instrumentos PMCSQ-2, TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED y SAS-2 a 270 jugadores de fútbol, balonmano y baloncesto (M = 14.67; DE = 1.53). Las relaciones de dependencia e independencia probabilística de las variables estudiadas fueron establecidas mediante una red Bayesiana implementada con Netica y Tetrad IV. Posteriormente, se instanciaron valores de probabilidad hipotéticos en algunas variables de la RB para analizar la variación sobre las probabilidades de las variables independientes. Los resultados muestran un distinto peso causal de la motivación autodeterminada y de la motivación de logro sobre la ansiedad competitiva, y evidencian una controvertida relación entre los climas motivacionales percibidos y las orientaciones de tarea y de ego de los jugadores. Asmismo, se confirma el papel residual de la ansiedad somática; el rol instrumental de la aceptación del engaño y la astucia, y finalmente, la validación de la red Bayesiana

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the self-determinated motivation, the goal orientation and the perceived motivational climate and their impact on the cognitive and somatic components of the competitive anxiety in young athletes, and their acceptance of the use of cheating and gamesmanship in sport. We administered PMCSQ,TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED and SAS- 2 to 270 football, handball and basket ballplayers (Mean age = 14.67, SD = 1.53). Probabilistic relationships of dependence and independence of the variables were studied by a Bayesian network (BN), developed using Netica and Tetrad IV. After the validation of the BN, we instantiated hypothetical probability values of several dependent variables in order to analyze the variation of the probability of the independent variables. Results show different statistical dependence relationships between the self-determined motivation and achievement motivation, respect to the competitive anxiety, and also show a controversial relationship between the perceived motivational climate and the task and egoorientation of the players. It also shows the residual role of the somaticanxiety, and the instrumental role of the the use of cheating and gamemanship

Formación de Entrenadores de Fútbol Base en el Proyecto PAPA / Grassroots coaches training in the papa project / Formação de treinadores de futebol de formação no projecto papa

The aim of the present work was twofold: (1) To describe the features of the motivational education program for coaches Empowering CoachingTM, implemented in the European Project PAPA (Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity) and (2) To assess Spanish grassroots coaches’ perception on the education workshops of the program as well as its implications at two different times, once the workshop had finished and after one year. 521 grassroots coaches from five participant countries (Spain, France, Greece, England and Norway) attended the Empowering CoachingTM workshops. Among them, 105 were from Spain (77 from the Valencian Community and 28 from Catalonia). In the follow-up data collection, 52 grassroots coaches from the Valencian Community participated. Questionnaires assessing satisfaction with the workshop, implementation, and barriers revealed that coaches were able to apply the workshop contents in their daily practice. Moreover, what was learned at the Empowering CoachingTM workshops was perceived to be innovative and made the coaches rethink their ideas about training. All of the grassroots coaches attending the workshops reported understanding and feeling able to integrate the Empowering CoachingTM principles in their practices and games, thus feeling able to become empowering coaches. Almost all coaches also reported not having difficulties to create empowering climates in their teams, finding the main difficulties with parents

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido doble: (1) Describir las características del programa de formación motivacional para entrenadores Empowering CoachingTM, aplicado en el marco del proyecto europeo PAPA (Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity) y (2) Analizar la percepción que tuvieron los entrenadores de fútbol base españoles sobre los talleres de formación de dicho programa y sus repercusiones, en dos momentos distintos, una vez finalizado el taller y un año después. Un total de 521 entrenadores de fútbol base de los cinco países participantes (España, Francia, Grecia, Inglaterray Noruega) asistieron a los talleres Empowering CoachingTM. De estos entrenadores, 105 acudieron a los talleres realizados en España (77 en la Comunidad Valenciana y 28 en Cataluña). En la fase de seguimiento participaron un total de 52 entrenadores de fútbol base de la Comunidad Valenciana. Los análisis de los cuestionarios de satisfacción con el taller y de puesta en práctica y barreras mostraron que los entrenadores lograron aplicar lo aprendido en el taller en su actividad como entrenador. Asimismo, la formación recibida en los talleres Empowering CoachingTM fue percibida como novedosa y les hizo replantear sus ideas sobre el entrenamiento. La totalidad de los entrenadores de fútbol base asistentes a los talleres informaron entender y poder integrar en sus entrenamientos y partidos los principios de Empowering CoachingTM, para convertirse en entrenadores empowering. Por último, la práctica totalidad de los entrenadores de fútbol base informaron no haber tenido dificultad para crear un clima empowering en sus equipos, habiendo encontrado las mayores dificultades en los padres

objectivo do presente trabalho foi duplo: (1) Descrever as características do programa de formação motivacional para treinadoresEmpowering CoachingTM, aplicado no âmbito do projecto europeu PAPA (Promoting Adolescents Physical Activity) e (2) Analisar a percepção quetiveram os treinadores de futebol de formação espanhóis sobre as acções de formação desse programa e as suas repercussões, em dois momentos distintos,uma vez finalizada a formação e um ano depois. Um total de 521 treinadores de futebol de formação dos cinco países participantes (Espanha, França,Grécia, Inglaterra e Noruega) assistiram às acções de formação Empowering CoachingTM. Destes treinadores, 105 assistiram às acções realizadas emEspanha (77 na Comunidade Valenciana e 28 na Catalunha). Na fase de follow-up participaram um total de 52 treinadores de futebol de formação daComunidade Valenciana. As análises dos questionários de satisfação com a acção de formação e de aplicação e barreiras revelaram que os treinadoresconseguiram aplicar na sua actividade o aprendido na acção de formação. De igual modo, a formação recebida nas acções Empowering CoachingTM foipercebida como inovadora, o que levou os treinadores a reformular a sua concepção de treino. A totalidade dos treinadores de futebol que assistiram asacções de formação reportaram entender e poder integrar nos seus treinos e competições os principios do Empowering CoachingTM, de forma aconverterem-se em treinadores empowering. Por último, a quase totalidade dos treinadores de futebol de formação afirmaram não terem tido dificuldadeem criar um clima empoweringnas suas equipas, tendo encontrado as maiores dificuldades nos pais

Un programa de intervención individualizado con entrenadores de fútbol / An individualized intervention program with grass-root soccer coaches / Um Programa para intervenção individualizada para treinadores de futebol

El objetivo del presente estudio fue el diseño y evaluación de un programa de intervención individualizado para fomentar un estilo de comunicación más positivo en los entrenadores y favorecer la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los jugadores. Este estudio incorpora la mini teoría de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de la teoría d ela autodeterminación en los programas individualizados con entrenadores. Utilizamos el CBAS como medida observacional para la evaluación de la conducta de los entrenadores y una escala para evaluar la percepción de satisfacción de las necesidad de autonomía de los jugadores. En el estudio participaron tres entrenadores de fútbol de 27, 22 y 33 años de edad y 54 jugadores con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 14 años (M= 12,9;DT= ,54). Tras la intervención los tres entrenadores lograron el objetivo de reducir las conductas punitivas. En cuanto a los objetivos relacionados con la dimensión de apoyo y de satisfacción de la necesidad de autonomía dos de los tres entrenadores lograron su consecución. La intervención individualizada resultó efectiva para el logro de los objetivos propuestos en dos de los tres entrenadores (AU)

The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate an individualized intervention program to promote coaches’ positive communication style to favor players’ basic psychological needs’ satisfaction. This study is framed on the basic psychological needs theory from the self determination theory framework. We used CBAS as an observational measure to evaluate coaches’ behavior and one scale to evaluate player’s perceived satisfaction of autonomy. Three football coaches of 27, 22 and 33 years old, and their players with an age range between 12-14 years old (M= 12.9; SD=.54) participated in the study. The three coaches achieved their behavioral goal to reduce punishment behaviours once the intervention. However for the behavioral goal related with support dimensión and players autonomy satisfaction goals, two of three coaches achieved their objectives. Individualized intervention was effective in achieving the objectives in two of the three coaches (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenhar e avaliar um programa de intervenção individualizado para promover um estilo de comunicação positivo dos treinadores, de forma a satisfazer as necessidades psicológicas básicas dos jogadores. Este estudo integra o mini teoria das necessidades psicológicas básicas da teoria da autodeterminação em programas individualizados com treinadores. Foi utilizado o CBAS como medida observacional para avaliar o comportamento dos treinadores e uma escala para avaliar a percepção de satisfação da necessidade de autonomia dos jogadores.Participaram neste estudo três treinadores de futebol 27, 22 e 33 anos e osseus jogadores com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 14 anos (M =12,9; SD = 0,54). Após a intervenção, os três treinadores alcançaram os objetivos que tinham estabelecido em quanto à mudança de comportamento punitivo. Quanto aos objectivos relacionados com a dimensão de apoio e de satisfação de autonomia dois dos três treinadores ganharam a sua realização.Intervenção individualizada foi eficaz na consecução dos objectivos em dois dos três treinadores (AU)

Revisitando a Simon &Martens: la ansiedad competitiva en deportes de iniciación / Simon & Martens revisited: competitive anxiety in youth sports

Este trabajo nace con la intención de recuperar y actualizar un artículo clásico de la psicología del deporte como es el de Simon y Martens del 1979. Como su antecesor, nuestro trabajo compara la ansiedad rasgo competitiva en deportes y actividades lúdicas que se clasifican en base a dos variables de agrupación: la Colaboración, que diferencia entre actividades individuales y colectivas, y la Habilidad, que separa aquellas actividades que requieren de habilidades habituales de las que requieren de habilidades perceptivas. 643 deportistas y 140 castellers contestaron la Escala de Ansiedad Competitiva-2 y sus puntuaciones fueron comparadas mediante análisis de la varianza en función de las variables Colaboración, Habilidad y la interacción entre ambas. Los resultados indican que en aquellas actividades cuya habilidad es de tipo habitual, aparecen niveles más altos en el factor de Ansiedad Somática y Preocupación. Además, los participantes en deportes individuales relatan mayores niveles de Desconcentración que aquellos que realizan deportes o actividades colectivas. Se detecta también un efecto interactivo de las variables colaboración y habilidad sobre la Preocupación. Se ha realizado una comparación adicional deportistas y castellers, como actividad evaluativa no deportiva, revelando que el nivel de Ansiedad Somática de los castellers es equivalente al de los deportistas, pero que en las variables de Preocupación y Desconcentración los deportistas relatan niveles significativamente mayores. Finalmente se discute la importancia de conocer las características de cada modalidad deportiva de cara al trabajo específico con los entrenadores y padres para el trabajo preventivo de la ansiedad (AU)

This work revisits and updates a classic sport psychology article by Simon and Martens (1979). As in that case, our study compares competitive trait anxiety in different sports and recreational activities grouped by two variables: Collaboration, which distinguishes between individual and collective activities; and Skill, which distinguishes between activities in which common skills are required and those in which perceptual skills are required. 643 athletes and 140 castellers answered the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 and their ratings were compared using analysis of variance considering Collaboration and Skill variables, as well as the interaction between them. Results suggest that athletes participating in activities in which a common skill is required show higher levels of Somatic Anxiety and Worries. Moreover, participants in individual sports rate higher in Concentration Disruption than those in collective sports or recreational activities. An interactive effect of Collaboration and Skill variables was found on the Worries subscale. An additional comparison between athletic and recreational activities was conducted showing that the Somatic Anxiety of the castellers is equivalent to athletes, but concerning Worries and Concentration Disruption, athletes’ ratings were significantly higher (AU)

El apoyo a la autonomía generado por entrenadores, compañeros y padres y su efecto sobre la motivación autodeterminada de deportistas de iniciación / Coaches, peers and parents’ autonomy support and its predictive capacity on young athletes’ self-determined motivation

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la influencia relativa de los agentes de socialización en el deporte de iniciación sobre la motivación autodeterminada de los jóvenes deportistas. Utilizamos una metodología transversal y evaluamos, mediante cuestionarios, la capacidad predictiva de la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía generado por entrenadores, compañeros de equipo y padres sobre la regulación autónoma, la regulación controlada y la motivación de 269 deportistas de entre 11 y 17 años, mediante análisis de regresión. Los resultados señalaron que la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía generada por los entrenadores en primer lugar, y en menor medida la de los padres y los compañeros, predecía la regulación autónoma de los deportistas. La percepción de apoyo a la autonomía generado por los entrenadores, a su vez, actuaba como factor protector de la motivación de sus jugadores. La discusión, en la línea del modelo jerárquico de Vallerand, apunta a que en un contexto específico como es el ámbito deportivo, el apoyo a la autonomía de mayor influencia es el de la figura de más autoridad en dicho ámbito, en este caso el entrenador (AU)

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of youth sports’ socialization agents on athletes’ self-determined motivation. We used a transversal methodology and assessed, via questionnaires, the predictive capacity of coaches, peers and parental autonomy support on autonomous regulation, controlled regulation and motivation of 269 athletes age ranged between 11 and 17 years old, through regression analyses. Results showed that the perception of coaches’ autonomy support in first place, followed by parental and peers’, predicted a more autonomous behavioral regulation. The perception of coaches’ autonomy support also played the role of protective factor for the athletes’ motivation. Our discussion, in line with Vallerand’s hierarchical model, suggests that in a specific context such as sports, the most influent autonomy support would be provided by the most authoritative figure in that given context, specifically coaches for this case (AU)

Acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating in young competitive athletes in relation to the motivational climate generated by parents and coaches.

The goal was to assess the relation between the acceptance of using gamesmanship and cheating in sports and the type of motivational climate created by coaches and parents. The sample consisted of 110 soccer, basketball, and handball players from the Balearic Islands competition (70 boys, 40 girls; M age = 14.7 yr., SD = 2.1, range 10-19). As for the motivational climate generated by coaches, task climate was negatively related to the acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating, but ego climate was related to higher acceptance. Motivational climate generated by parents was not related to acceptance of cheating or gamesmanship.

Calidad psicométrica de la adaptación española del Cuestionario de Regulación Conductual en el Deporte / Psychometric quality supporting the Spanish adaptation of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la adaptación al español del Cuestionario de Regulación Conductual en el Deporte formado por 24 ítems que miden los 6 factores de regulación conductual previstos por la teoría de la autodeterminación desarrollada por Deci y Ryan. Las pruebas de equivalencia conceptual y de calidad de la adaptación cultural y lingüística se desprenden de la conciliación de voces diversas (especialistas y población diana). La factibilidad del cuestionario se apoya en entrevistas cognitivas y en el hecho de que un 94% de las personas que contestaron lo hicieron de forma completa y sin presentar patrones atípicos de respuesta. El modelo de 6 factores correlacionados es el que mejor se ajusta a los datos en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, y 5 de las 6 subescalas tienen coeficientes de consistencia interna aceptables. Las puntuaciones de las subescalas de regulación introyectada, identificada e integrada son las que presentan mayor variabilidad. Tal como era de esperar, las 6 subescalas muestran una graduación de correlaciones directa con una medida de vitalidad subjetiva e inversa con una medida de ansiedad competitiva. La acumulación de pruebas permite concluir que la adaptación es válida para utilizarla en la investigación en psicología del deporte (AU)

The goal of this study is to present the Spanish adaptation of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire made up of 24 items that measure the 6 behavioral regulation factors expected by the self-determination theory developed by Deci and Ryan. Supporting evidence of conceptual equivalence and quality of the cultural and linguistic adaptation derive from the conciliation of different terms (experts and target population). Cognitive interviews and the fact that 94% of respondents provided complete answers and without aberrant response patterns support the feasibility of the questionnaire. A model of six correlated factors provided the best fit to the data in the confirmatory factor analysis, and 5 out of 6 subscales have acceptable internal consistency coefficients. The scores of the introjected, identified, and integrated regulation show more variability than the other ones. As expected, the 6 subscales show a graduation of direct correlation with the subjective vitality measure and an inverse correlation with competitive anxiety. The accumulation of evidence leads to the conclusion that the Spanish version is valid for use in sport psychology research (AU)